61. Lobe, "Neo-Cons Move Quickly."

62. Michael Ledeen, "The Iranian Hand," Wall Street Journal, April 16, 2004.

63. "President Discusses War on Terror and Operation Iraqi Freedom," talk in Cleveland, Ohio (White House, Office of the Press Secretary, March 20, 2006).

64. Quoted in Ori Nir, "Groups to Bush: Drop Iran-Israel Linkage," Forward, May 12, 2006.

65. Associated Press, "John McCain Jokes About Bombing Iran at U.S. Campaign Stop," International Herald Tribune, April 19, 2007.

66. "The Road to the White House: Israel-U.S. Ties," Jerusalem Post, May 24, 2007.

67. Nir, "Groups to Bush." Also see James D. Besser and Larry Cohler-Esses, "Iran-Israel Linkage by Bush Seen as Threat," Jewish Week, April 21, 2006; James D. Besser, "JCPA Delegates Spurn Israel Demands," Jewish Week, March 2, 2007; "Groups Fear Public Backlash over Iran," Forward, February 2, 2007; Ron Kampeas, "As Jewish Groups Huddle, Quagmire in Iraq Undermines Resolve on Iran," JTA.org, February 28, 2007; and Jim Lobe, "Jewish Community Worried About Iran Backlash," Inter Press Service, May 10, 2006.

68. Quoted in Besser and Cohler-Esses, "Iran-Israel Linkage."

69. Quoted in Ori Nir, "Bush Overture to Iran Splits Israel, Neocons," Forward, June 9, 2006.

70. Gareth Porter, "Strategy Paper Reveals Bush Won't Attack Iran," Inter Press Service, June 20, 2006.

71. James Bamford, "Iran: The Next War," Rolling Stone, July 24, 2006; Seymour M. Hersh, "The Coming Wars," New Yorker, January 24/31, 2005; Seymour M. Hersh, "The Iran Plans," New Yorker, April 17, 2006; Seymour M. Hersh, "Last Stand," New Yorker, July 10, 2006; Seymour M. Hersh, "The Redirection," New Yorker, March 5, 2007; and "Iran: The Next Strategic Target," Seymour Hersh interview with Amy Goodman of Democracy Now!, AlterNet.org, January 19, 2005. Also see Peter Baker, Dafna Linzer, and Thomas E. Ricks, "U.S. Is Studying Military Strike Options on Iran," Washington Post, April 9, 2006; Perelman, "Pentagon Team on Iran"; and Craig Unger, "From the Wonderful Folks Who Brought You Iraq," Vanity Fair (online), March 2007. All of the quotations in this paragraph are from Hersh, "Coming Wars."

72. The information in this paragraph is drawn from Helene Cooper and Mark Mazzetti, "To Counter Iran's Role in Iraq, Bush Moves Beyond Diplomacy," New York Times, January 11, 2007; Tony Karon, "The Problem with Confronting Iran," Time, January 16, 2007; Eli Lake, "GIs Raid Iranian Building in Irbil," New York Sun, January 12, 2007; David E. Sanger,

"Opening a New Front in the War, against Iranians in Iraq," New York Times, January 15, 2007; David E. Sanger and Michael R. Gordon, "Rice Says Bush Authorized Iranians'Arrest in Iraq," New York Times, January 13, 2007; and Trita Parsi, "Bush's Iraq Plan: Goading Iran into War," Inter Press Service, January 17, 2007.

73. Helene Cooper, "U.S. No Pushing for Attack on Iran, Rice Says," New York Times, June 1, 2007. Also see Arnaud de Borchgrave, "Guns of August?" United Press International, June 4, 2007; Steven C. Clemons, "Cheney Attempting to Constrain Bush's Choices on Iran Conflict: Staff Engaged in Insubordination Against President Bush," Washington Note weblog, May 24, 2007, www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/002145.php; Michael Hirsh and Mark Hosenball, "Cheney vs. Rice: A Foreign-Policy Showdown," MSNBC.com, June 11, 2007; and Glenn Kessler, "Cheney Backs Diplomacy on Iran Program, Rice Affirms," Washington Post, June 2, 2007.

74. These quotations are from the "Agreed Statement" of October 21, 2003, a copy of which can be found in International Institute for Strategic Studies, Iran's Strategic Weapons Programmes, 19. For the details of the negotiations between Iran and the EU-3, see ibid., chap. 1; International Institute for Strategic Studies, Strategic Survey, 2004/5 (NewYork: Routledge, May 2005), 196-200; and International Institute for Strategic Studies, Strategic Survey, 2006 (NewYork: Routledge, 2006), 210-22.

75. Kaveh L. Afrasiabi, "The Myth of the EU Olive Branch," Asia Times Online, August 13, 2005; Ansari, Confronting Iran, chap. 7; British American Security Information Council, "EU3 Negotiations with the Islamic Republic of Iran: Not Out of the Woods Yet and Time Is Short, Very Short," BASIC Notes: Occasional Paper on International Security Policy, July 2005; and Hersh, "Last Stand."

76. Elissa Gootman, "Security Council Approves Sanctions Against Iran over Nuclear Program," NewYork Times, December 24, 2006; Colum Lynch, "Sanctions on Iran Approved by U.N.," Washington Post, December 24, 2006. Also see Nazila Fathi, "Iran Is Defiant, Vowing to U.N. It Will Continue Nuclear Efforts," New York Times, December 25, 2006; Ron Kampeas, "The Iran Sanctions Package: Some Assembly Required, Teeth Not Included," JTA.org, December 25, 2006; Nasser Karimi, "Iran Rebuffs U.N., Vows to Speed Up Uranium Enrichment," Washington Post, December 25, 2006; and Neil King, "U.S. Bid to Limit Iran Gets Wary Response," Wall Street Journal, December 29, 2006.

77. Daniel Bilefsky, "Europe Approves More Sanctions Against Iran," New York Times, April 24, 2007; Daniel Dombey and Gareth Smyth, "New EU Sanctions Raise Pressure on Iran," Financial Times, April 23, 2007; Warren Hoge, "U.N. Council Gets New Draft Decree on Iran Nuclear Sanctions," NewYork Times, March 16, 2007; Colum Lynch, "U.N. Backs Broader Sanctions on Tehran," Washington Post, March 26, 2007; Colum Lynch, "U.S., Allies Agree to Drop Proposed Iran Travel Ban," Washington Post, March 10, 2007; and Thorn Shanker, "Security Council Votes to Tighten Iran Sanctions," New York Times, March 25, 2007.

78. Hersh, "The Redirection."

79. Nathan Guttman, "Activists Set to Push New Sanctions against Iran," Forward, March 9, 2007. Also see Eli Lake, "AIPAC Will Press for Hard Line on Iran Regime," New York Sun, March 7, 2007; Ian Swanson, "Chairmen Try to Tighten Screws on Iran," The Hill (online), March 14, 2007; and Steven R. Weisman, "U.S. Tightens Financial Squeeze on Iran," International Herald Tribune, March 20, 2007.

80. Richard Beeston and James Bone, "Hostage Fears over Troops Seized by Iran," Times (London), March 24, 2007; Sarah Lyall, "Iran Seizes 15 Britons on Patrol in Persian Gulf," New York Times, March 24, 2007; Vali Nasr and Ray Takeyh, "What We Can Learn from Britain About Iran," New York Times, April 5, 2007; and Kevin Sullivan, "15 Britons Taken to Tehran as Iran Dispute Intensifies," Washington Post, March 25, 2007.

81. Guttman, "Activists Set to Push"; Lake, "AIPAC Will Press"; and Weisman, "U.S. Tightens Financial Squeeze." On Europe's reluctance to reduce its economic dealings with Iran, see Steven R. Weisman, "Europe Resists U.S. Push to Curb Iran Ties," New York Times, January 30, 2007.

82. All of the quotations in this paragraph are from Hassan M. Fattah, "Saudi King Condemns U.S. Occupation of Iraq/' New York Times, March 28, 2007. Also see William J. Broad and David E. Sanger,"With Eye on Iran, Rivals Also Want Nuclear Power," New York Times, April 15, 2007; Rachel Bronson, "Good Neighbors: What Saudi Arabia Wants," New Republic Online, April 3, 2007; Helene Cooper, "U.S. Feels Sting of Winning Saudi Help with Other Arabs," New York Times, March 30, 2007; Helene Cooper and Jim Rutenberg, "A Saudi Prince Tied to Bush Is Sounding Off-Key," New York Times, April 29, 2007; Hassan M. Fattah, "Bickering Saudis Struggle for an Answer to Iran's Rising Influence in Middle East," New York Times, December 22, 2006; and Jonathan Steele, "As US Power Fades, It Can't Find Friends to Take on Iran," Guardian, February 2, 2007.

83. "Israeli PM Olmert Addresses Congress," Washington Post, May 24, 2006. Olmert also visited the White House and made his views on Iran clear to President Bush. See "President Bush and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert of Israel Participate in Joint Press Availability," White House, Office of the Press Secretary, May 23, 2006. The Israeli scholar Benny Morris has also laid out an apocalyptic vision of what will happen to Israel if Iran acquires nuclear weapons. See Benny Morris, "Essay: This Holocaust Will Be Different," Jerusalem Post, January 18, 2007; and Benny Morris, "The Second Holocaust Is Looming," israelinsider .com, January 15, 2007.

84. Lally Weymouth, "Israel's P.M. on Iran, Lebanon, Palestinian State," Newsweek interview, MSNBC.com, November 11, 2006. Also see Uzi Benziman, "Trigger-Happy (On the Button)," Ha'aretz, December 17, 2006; "Iran Complains to UN Security Council over Sneh Comments," Ha'aretz, November 11, 2006; and Ronny Sofer, "IDF: Only US Operation Can Stop Iran," Ynetnews.com, October 12, 2006.

85. Quoted in Gil Yaron, "Missile Raid Would Hit Iran Nuclear Plants—Olmert," Ynetnews.com, April 28, 2007.

86. Oded Tira, "What to Do with Iran?" Ynetnews.com, December 30, 2006.

87. The Sharon quotation is from Uzi Mahnaimi and Sarah Baxter, "Israel Readies Forces for Strikes on Nuclear Iran," Sunday Times (London), December 11, 2005. The more recent report (and the Israel denial) is from Uzi Mahnaimi and Sarah Baxter, "Revealed: Israel Plans Nuclear Strike on Iran," Sunday Times, January 7, 2007; and Uzi Mahnaimi and Sarah Baxter, "Israel Denies Planning Iran Nuke Attack," Associated Press, January 7, 2007. Also see Richard Boudreaux, "Israel Sounds Alarm on Iran's Nuclear Efforts," Los Angeles Times, February 7, 2007; and Ilene Prusher, "Israel Buzzes over Notion of Attacking Iran," Christian Science Monitor, January 16, 2007.

88. "'Israel May Have to Act Alone,'" Spiegel interview with Avigdor Lieberman, Spiegel Online, February 12,2007.

89. For a sample of the voluminous literature on this matter, see Stewart Ain, "Israel Urging U.S. to Stop Iran Nukes," Jewish Week, October 7, 2005; Martin S. Indyk, "Iran's Bluster Isn't a Bluff," Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2005; Ron Kampeas, "With Time Short on Iran Nukes, AIPAC Criticizes Bush Approach," JTA.org, December 2, 2005; Yossi Klein Halevi and Michael B. Oren, "Israel's Worst Nightmare: Contra Iran," New Republic, February 5, 2007; Frederick Kempe, "Elie Wiesel Sounds the Alarm Regarding Iran," Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2006; Dafna Linzer, "Pro-Israel Group Criticizes White House Policy on Iran," Washington Post, December 25, 2005; Ori Nir, "Israeli Aides Warn U.S. Not to Drop Ball on Iran," Forward, December 9, 2005; Ori Nir, "Jewish Groups Press for Iran Sanctions," Forward, September 23, 2005; Ori Nir, "Groups Push for Sanctions, Fear U.S. Will Falter on Iran," Forward, September 1, 2006; Marc Perelman, "Groups Head to Emirates, as Worries Grow over Iran," Forward, January 19, 2007; and Brad Sherman, "The Unmet Threat of a Nuclear Iran," Forward, October 27, 2006.

90. Joshua Muravchik, "Operation Comeback," Foreign Policy 157 (November/December 2006): 68.

91. Quoted in Yossi Melman, "To Attack or Not to Attack?" Ha'aretz, January 24, 2007.

92. Shmuel Rosner, "AIPAC Conference Focuses on Hamas and Iran," Ha'aretz, March 7,2006; and

Guttman, "Activists Set to Push." Also see "Iran's Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons," www.aipac.org/ Publications/AIPACAnalysesIssueBriefs/Irans_Pursuit_of_Nuclear_Weapons( 1) .pdf.

93. Quoted in James D. Besser, "Hardline Pastor Gets Prime AIPAC Spot," Jewish Week, March 9, 2007.

94. Quoted in "Christians for Israel," Jerusalem Post editorial, March 14, 2007.

95. Maggie Haberman, "Israel Fans Groan over Hill Speech," New York Post (online), February 2, 2007.

96. Jonathan Allen, "Iran Language Draws Opposition as Democrats Near Agreement on Supplemental," CQ Today, March 8, 2007; "Dems Abandon War Authority Provision," Associated Press, March 13, 2007; Eli Lake, "Democrats Retreat on War Funds," New York Sun, March 14, 2007; "Engel's Finest Hour," New York Sun editorial, March 14, 2007; and John Walsh, "Why Is the Peace Movement Silent About AIPAC?" CounterPunch.org, April 17, 2007.

97. Capuano is quoted in Walsh, "Peace Movement Silent," which also discusses Kucinich's response.

98. Leon Hadar, "Osirak Redux?" American Conservative, January 15, 2007; Gideon Rachman, "Talk of Another Preventive War in the Middle East Is Folly," Financial Times, November 21, 2006; and Scott Ritter, Target Iran: The Truth About the White House's Plans for Regime Change (NewYork: Nation Books, 2006), 203-206.

99. Quoted in Jim Lobe, "Pressure Grows on Bush to Engage Iran Directly," Antiwar.com, May 26, 2006.

100. The survey was conducted by Bar-Ilan University and the Anti-Defamation League, and found that "fully 71 percent of Israelis believe that the United States should launch a military attack on Iran if diplomatic efforts fail to halt Tehran's nuclear program." See Aluf Benn, "Poll: 71% of Israelis Want U.S. to Strike Iran if Talks Fail," Ha'aretz, May 18, 2007.

101. The original Clark quote was in "The Huffington Post" on January 4, 2007, www .huffingtonpost.com/arianna-huffington/dc-notes-wes-clark-is-_b_37837.html. The Yglesias quote is from Matthew Yglesias, "Smears for Fears," American Prospect (online), January 23, 2007. Also see James D. Besser, "Gen. Clark's Controversy," Jewish Week, January 12, 2007; Nathan Guttman, "Top Dem Wesley Clark Says 'N.Y. Money People' Pushing War with Iran," Forward, January 12, 2007; and Shmuel Rosner, "The General and the 'Money People,'" Ha'aretz, January 9, 2007. An article in the Forward discussing fears in the American Jewish community of being blamed for an American war against Iran nevertheless conceded that "Jewish groups are indeed playing a lead role in pressing for a hard line on Iran." The article also noted that "many advocacy efforts, even when not linked to Israel, carry indelibly Jewish fingerprints." See "Groups Fear Public Backlash."

102. Ritter, Target Iran, 211.

103. For an excellent discussion of what a grand bargain with Iran would look like, see Flynt Leverett, Dealing with Tehran: Assessing U.S. Diplomatic Options Toward Iran (NewYork: Century Foundation, 2006), 19-25.

104. The following discussion of Iran's failed attempts to reach out to the Bush administration is based on Gregory Beals, "A Missed Opportunity with Iran," Newsday (online), February 19, 2006; Bruck, "Exiles"; Leverett, Dealing with Tehran, 11-16; Flynt Leverett and Hillary Mann, "What We Wanted to Tell You About Iran," New York Times, December 22, 2006; Glenn Kessler, "In 2003, U.S. Spurned Iran's Offer of Dialogue," Washington Post, June 18, 2006; Nicholas D. Kristof, "Diplomacy at Its Worst," New York Times, April 29, 2007; Jim Lobe, "Bush Administration Divided over Road to Tehran," Foreign Policy in Focus, August 11, 2003; Jim Lobe, "Bush Administration Paralyzed over Iran," Asia Times Online, August 9, 2003; Gareth Porter, "How Neocons Sabotaged Iran's Help on al-Qaeda," Antiwar.com, February 23, 2006; Gareth Porter, "Burnt Offering," American Prospect, June 6, 2006; Gareth Porter, "Neocons Blocked 2003 Nuclear Talks with Iran," Antiwar.com, March 29, 2006; and Gareth Porter, "Iran Proposal to US Offered Peace with Israel," Antiwar.com, May 25, 2006.

105. The 2003 proposal described in this paragraph was spelled out in an Iranian document that

was transitted to the State Department and the White House. A copy can be found on the New York Times columnist Nicholas D. Kristof s website, http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/.

106. James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, co-chairs, The Iraq Study Group Report (NewYork: Vintage Books, 2006), 50-52.

107. On Afghanistan, see David Rohde, "Iran Is Seeking More Influence in Afghanistan," New York Times, December 27, 2006.

108. Jim Lobe, "Pressure Grows on Bush," Antiwar.com, May 26, 2006; and Steven R. Weisman, "U.S. Is Debating Talks with Iran on Nuclear Issue," New York Times, May 27, 2006. It is also worth noting that support among American Jews for a U.S. attack against Iran has sharply declined. In the fall of 2005, 49 percent supported military action; only 38 percent supported it in the fall of 2006. "Poll: U.S. Jews Back Strike against Iran—by Israel," Forward, October 27, 2006.

109. Steven Kull, "Americans Assess US International Strategy," WorldPublicOpinion.org poll, conducted by the Program on International Policy Attitudes, December 7, 2006. Also see "Baker-Hamilton Redux: The U.S. Public Remains Enthusiastic About the Bipartisan Proposals," Pew Research Center, May 29, 2007.

110. Thomas L. Friedman, "Not-So-Strange Bedfellow," New York Times, January 31, 2007.

111. Marc Perelman, "As Washington Studies Iraq Report, Jerusalem Frets over Tehran Talk," Forward, December 15, 2006. Also see Nathan Guttman, "Groups Mute Criticism of Iraq Report," Forward, December 15, 2006.